Endoscopy

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves using a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to its tip (called an endoscope) to examine the interior of a body organ or cavity. This minimally invasive technique allows doctors to visualize internal structures, diagnose conditions, and sometimes perform treatments without the need for open surgery.

Types of Endoscopy:

Endoscopy is named based on the area or organ being examined:

1. Upper Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD):
   • Examines the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine.
   • Used for diagnosing ulcers, acid reflux, or tumors.
2. Colonoscopy and Sigmoidoscopy:
   • Examines the colon and rectum.
   • Commonly used for cancer screening and to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
3. Bronchoscopy:
   • Examines the airways and lungs.
   • Used for diagnosing lung diseases or removing obstructions.
4. Cystoscopy:
   • Examines the bladder and urethra.
   • Used to detect urinary tract disorders.
5. Hysteroscopy:
   • Examines the uterus.
   • Used for diagnosing abnormal bleeding or removing fibroids.
6. Arthroscopy:
   • Examines joints, such as the knee or shoulder.
   • Often used in orthopedic procedures.
7. Capsule Endoscopy:
   • Involves swallowing a small, pill-sized camera.
   • Used to examine the small intestine, which is difficult to access with traditional methods.

Uses of Endoscopy:

1. Diagnostic:
   • Detecting conditions like ulcers, polyps, or tumors.
   • Identifying sources of bleeding or inflammation.
2. Therapeutic:
   • Removing polyps or foreign objects.
   • Stenting to relieve blockages.
   • Treating bleeding with cautery or injections.
3. Biopsy:
   • Taking tissue samples for pathological examination.

Advantages:

• Minimally invasive
• Short recovery time
• Allows for real-time visualization
• Can often treat conditions during the diagnostic procedure

Risks:

• Generally safe but may include:
  • Bleeding
  • Infection
  • Perforation (rare)
  • Adverse reactions to sedation or anesthesia